#include <iostream> #include <list> class Stack { private: std::list<int> stackList; public: void push(int value) { stackList.push_back(value); } void pop() { if (!stackList.empty()) { stackList.pop_back(); } } int top() { return stackList.back(); } bool isEmpty() { return stackList.empty(); } }; int main() { Stack s; s.push(10); s.push(20); s.push(30); std::cout << "Top element: " << s.top() << std::endl; s.pop(); std::cout << "Top element after pop: " << s.top() << std::endl; return 0; }